Micronutrients and ageing: intakes and requirements.

Ageing (and related diseases) may be described as a process which results from impaired immunological, genetic, neurological or endocrinological functions. Oxidative mechanisms may play an important role in the ageing process. It is important, therefore, to emphasize the relationship between health and nutrition in the elderly, particularly with regard to antioxidant micronutrient requirements. Indeed, accelerated ageing may be related to a deficit in the intakes of antioxidant vitamins (tocopherols, carotenoids and vitamin C) and trace elements (Zn and Se), as well as to an impaired adaptative mechanism against oxidative stress. Physiological modifications occurring during the lifetime and environmental influences are significant factors contributing to the impairment of micronutrient status, and these factors have to be considered when defining the specific requirements of the elderly. For Fe there is no evidence of benefit of supplementation in healthy subjects, but in the present state of knowledge combined supplementation, including Zn, Se, vitamins C and E and carotenoids, could be the best way to prevent accelerated ageing and reduce the risk of several common age-related diseases.